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Georg Scheutz - The First Printing Calculator

Georg Scheutz (1785~1873) Two Swedes, Georg Scheutz and his son, Edvard, built the Smithsonian’s machine, also dubbed as “The First Printing Calculator”, in 1853. Each of its long shafts holds disks, and each disk has wheels with ten teeth that correspond to marks in the disks. A scientist could set the disks with known figures, odd or even, turn a crank, and by reading down on each shaft, find the result of a calculation.

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Charles Babbage - Difference Engine

Charles Babbage (1791~1871) The first device that might be considered to be a computer in the modern sense of the word was conceived in 1822 by the eccentric British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage. Babbage produced a prototype of the original Difference Engine as early as 1822, then kept adding refinements without ever quite finishing it. Charles Babbage was born in 1791 to a Devonshire family of wealth and leisure. He went to a good school, then set out for Cambridge with little inkling of what to expect there except for a warning that it was a bad place to buy wine.

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Charles Xavier Thomas - Arithmometer

Charles Xavier Thomas (1785~1870) While serving in the French army, he built his first Arithmometer, which could perform basic addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Patented in France by in 1820 (two patents and two patents of addition in between 1849 and 1851). In 1848 Thomas restarts the development of the machine. It was manufactured from 1851 to 1915, it became the first commercially successful mechanical calculator and was still being used up to World War One (1915).

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Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz - Mechanical Calculator

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646~1716) Leibniz constructed the first mechanical calculator capable of multiplication and division. He also developed the modern form of the binary numeral system, used in digital computers. Some have speculated that it may be interesting to consider what might have resulted from Leibniz combining his findings in binary arithmetic with those developments he made in mechanical calculation.

Blaise Pascal - first digital calculating machine

Blaise Pascal - first digital calculating machine Blaise Pascal was France most celebrated mathematician and physicist and religious philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father. He worked on conic sections and projective geometry and he laid the foundations for the theory of probability. In 1642, at the age of 18, Pascal invented and build the first digital calculator as a means of helping his father perform tedious tax accounting.

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William Gunter - Calculating Device

William Gunter (1581~1621) In 1620 the English mathematician William Gunter (1581-1621) recognised that the same principle, coupled with the ideas underlying logarithms, could be exploited to construct a device with which rough estimates of division and multiplication calculations could be made. Thus instead of using marks which were placed equidistantly, successive marks were placed at (appropriately) decreasing distances, e.g. the distance from the mark representing 1 and the mark representing 2 would be same as the distance between the mark representing 2 and that representing 4, etc.

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William Oughtred - The Inventor of the Circular Slide Rule

William Oughtred (1574~1660) William Oughtred was one of the world’s great mathematicians. A contemporary of Oughtred’s, Edmund Gunter, devised a logarithmic rule in 1620, which could be used to multiply and divide using a pair of calipers. Oughtred was the first to see that a simpler and more sophisticated method of multiplication and division could be achieved by placing two logarithmic rules side by side and using the position of the numbers relative to each other to calculate the desired results.

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John Napier - The Napier Bone

John Napier (1550~1617) John Napier, who is generally considered the inventor of logarithms, developed an ingenious arithmetic trick - not as remarkable as logs, but very useful all the same. His invention was a method for performing arithmetic operations by the manipulation of rods, called “bones” because they were often constituted from bones and printed with digits. Napier’s rods essentially rendered the complex processes of multiplication and division into the comparatively simple tasks of addition and subtraction.

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